On January 14, 2021, the California Supreme Court decided, at the request of the Ninth Circuit, that its decision in Dynamex Operations West, Inc. v. Superior Court, 4 Cal.5th 903 (2018) applies retroactively. Vazquez v. Jan-Pro Franchising International, Inc. (SC S258191 1/14/21). Dynamex adopted the “ABC test” for determining whether a worker is an employee or independent contractor for purposes of the obligations imposed by California’s wage orders. This holding makes it more difficult for a hiring entity to properly classify a worker as an independent contractor. The three-prong test requires the hiring entity to prove that the worker is: (A) free from the control and direction of the hiring entity; (B) performing work outside of the usual course of the hiring entity’s business; and (C) customarily engaged in an independently established trade of the same nature as the work performed.

In 2019, the Ninth Circuit held that the ABC test applied retroactively in the Vazquez case (please see our earlier blog post “Strict Independent Contractor Test Applies Retroactively”). The California high court followed this logic in 2021.

The California Supreme Court reasoned that because Dynamex did not change a settled rule, the ABC test applies retroactively with respect to obligations arising from California’s wage orders. Indeed, the Court relied on its prior opinions in which it noted “that the test for determining whether a worker should be classified as an employee or independent contractor in the wage order context remained an open question.” The Court was further motivated by policy concerns, including that the wage orders provide protection for workers, protect law-abiding businesses from unfair competition by businesses that do not comply, and benefit the public at large, which bears the burden of the ill effects of non-compliance with the wage orders’ minimum standards for working conditions.

In line with the Ninth Circuit decision in Vazquez, the California Supreme Court held that Dynamex applies retroactively to all non-final cases that predate the effective date of the April 30, 2018 Dynamex opinion. This could make businesses potentially liable for lawsuits filed before the rigid ABC test existed and may expand employers’ liability for practices that predate Dynamex. The retroactivity of Dynamex adds another temporal dimension to the existing dilemma created by fundamentally different standards for worker classification on the state and federal levels for businesses with independent contractors in California. A business that classifies its workers appropriately for federal purposes, and that historically classified its workers appropriately for purposes of California state law (as employers understood it prior to the Dynamex opinion), could nevertheless have exposure to liability in the wage and hour context in California.

Notably, however, Dynamex addressed only California’s wage orders, meaning that the holding in Dynamex does not apply to the much broader application of California’s worker classification law known as Assembly Bill 5 (“AB 5”), which did not go into effect until January 1, 2020 and applies only prospectively.

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Photo of Tony Oncidi Tony Oncidi

Anthony J. Oncidi is the co-chair of the Labor & Employment Law Department and heads the West Coast Labor & Employment group in the firm’s Los Angeles office.

Tony represents employers and management in all aspects of labor relations and employment law, including…

Anthony J. Oncidi is the co-chair of the Labor & Employment Law Department and heads the West Coast Labor & Employment group in the firm’s Los Angeles office.

Tony represents employers and management in all aspects of labor relations and employment law, including litigation and preventive counseling, wage and hour matters, including class actions, wrongful termination, employee discipline, Title VII and the California Fair Employment and Housing Act, executive employment contract disputes, sexual harassment training and investigations, workplace violence, drug testing and privacy issues, Sarbanes-Oxley claims and employee raiding and trade secret protection. A substantial portion of Tony’s practice involves the defense of employers in large class actions, employment discrimination, harassment and wrongful termination litigation in state and federal court as well as arbitration proceedings, including FINRA matters.

Tony is recognized as a leading lawyer by such highly respected publications and organizations as the Los Angeles Daily JournalThe Hollywood Reporter, and Chambers USA, which gives him the highest possible rating (“Band 1”) for Labor & Employment.  According to Chambers USA, clients say Tony is “brilliant at what he does… He is even keeled, has a high emotional IQ, is a great legal writer and orator, and never gives up.” Other clients report:  “Tony has an outstanding reputation” and he is “smart, cost effective and appropriately aggressive.” Tony is hailed as “outstanding,” particularly for his “ability to merge top-shelf lawyerly advice with pragmatic business acumen.” He is highly respected in the industry, with other commentators lauding him as a “phenomenal strategist” and “one of the top employment litigators in the country.”

“Tony is the author of the treatise titled Employment Discrimination Depositions (Juris Pub’g 2020; www.jurispub.com), co-author of Proskauer on Privacy (PLI 2020), and, since 1990, has been a regular columnist for the official publication of the Labor and Employment Law Section of the State Bar of California and the Los Angeles Daily Journal.

Tony has been a featured guest on Fox 11 News and CBS News in Los Angeles. He has been interviewed and quoted by leading national media outlets such as The National Law JournalBloomberg News, The New York Times, and Newsweek and Time magazines. Tony is a frequent speaker on employment law topics for large and small groups of employers and their counsel, including the Society for Human Resource Management (“SHRM”), PIHRA, the National CLE Conference, National Business Institute, the Employment Round Table of Southern California (Board Member), the Council on Education in Management, the Institute for Corporate Counsel, the State Bar of California, the California Continuing Education of the Bar Program and the Los Angeles and Beverly Hills Bar Associations. He has testified as an expert witness regarding wage and hour issues as well as the California Fair Employment and Housing Act and has served as a faculty member of the National Employment Law Institute. He has served as an arbitrator in an employment discrimination matter.

Tony is an appointed Hearing Examiner for the Los Angeles Police Commission Board of Rights and has served as an Adjunct Professor of Law and a guest lecturer at USC Law School and a guest lecturer at UCLA Law School.

Photo of Kate Napalkova Kate Napalkova

Kate Napalkova is a partner in the Tax Department and a member of the Employee Benefits & Executive Compensation Group.

Kate advises public and private companies, private investment funds, executives and boards on a broad range of compensation and employee benefits matters. Kate’s…

Kate Napalkova is a partner in the Tax Department and a member of the Employee Benefits & Executive Compensation Group.

Kate advises public and private companies, private investment funds, executives and boards on a broad range of compensation and employee benefits matters. Kate’s practice includes the compensation and employee benefits aspects of mergers and acquisitions, reorganizations, spin-offs, initial public offerings, financings and other corporate transactions. Kate’s practice further focuses on advising clients across various industries on the negotiation, structuring and implementation of benefits and compensation plans and executive compensation arrangements; golden parachutes; securities reporting, registration and disclosure compliance; and corporate governance matters.

While in law school, Kate served as the editor-in-chief of the Fordham International Law Journal.

Kate is fluent in Russian.

Photo of Michelle Lappen Michelle Lappen

Michelle Lappen is an associate in the Labor & Employment Department and a member of the Employment Litigation & Arbitration Group. She assists clients in a wide range of labor and employment matters in a variety of industries, including entertainment, financial services, and…

Michelle Lappen is an associate in the Labor & Employment Department and a member of the Employment Litigation & Arbitration Group. She assists clients in a wide range of labor and employment matters in a variety of industries, including entertainment, financial services, and technology.

Michelle earned her J.D. from Columbia Law School, where she was an articles and submissions editor for the Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts. During law school, she also was a teaching fellow for the Advanced Negotiation Workshop and advocated for state and federal legislation as a clinical student in the Columbia Law Health Justice Advocacy Clinic.